Chapter 1 alkanes 2 3 4 what do we mean by organic. A solution of one enantiomer rotates the plane of polarisation in a clockwise direction. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. A hydrocarbon molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen. In everyday usage, the word organic can be found in several different contexts. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin a historical name that also has other meanings, is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. Positional isomerism occurs when functional groups or substituents are in different positions on the same carbon chain.
Conformational isomers stereochemistry concerned with the 3d aspects of molecules rotation is possible around cc bonds in openchain molecules a conformation is one of the many possible arrangements of atoms caused by rotation about a single bond, and a specific conformation is called a conformer conformational isomer. Alkanes formula, definition, structure, properties, videos. Alkanes and their isomers in alkanes we find single bonds only. They are both hydrocarbons and therefore follow the.
In the context of chemistry, cis indicates that the functional groups are on the same side of the carbon chain while trans conveys that functional groups are on opposing. First three members of alkane family methane, ethane and propane have only one structure. In this context, saturated means that each carbon has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to it. Methane, ethane, propane, and butane are gases at room temperature. They are also called saturated hydrocarbons because they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon. The cis and trans isomers of 1,3dimethylcyclobutane are shown below. Draw newman projections of alkanes in staggered and eclipsed conformations, and arrange the order of stability for these conformations conformational isomers.
Naming alkanes, cycloalkanes, and bicyclic compounds. Alkanes and alkenes organic chemistry wyzant resources. Preparation of alkanes from unsaturated hydrocarbons. Expanded structural butane formula 2methylpropane 2. General methods of preparation of alkanes is the topic which has a potential of fetching a question in iit jee and jee mainadvanced examination very frequently. Alkanes generally show structural and optical isomerism. The presence and absence of alkane isomers in petroleum and petroleum derivatives depend on the complexity of these structures. Tes global ltd is registered in england company no 02017289 with its registered office at 26 red lion square london wc1r 4hq. Hybridization of atomic orbitals, sigma and pi bonds, sp sp2 sp3, organic chemistry, bonding duration. An introduction to alkanes and alkenes teaching resources. Write the structures of constitutional or structural isomers of alkanes. Methyl and ethyl groups methyl ethyl h c c h h h h ch 3 ch 2 h c h h or.
C2h6o h c h h c h h oh occh h h h h h ethyl alcohol dimethyl ether colorless liquid mp 117c bp 78. Chapter 1 alkanes 25 isomers isomers compounds having identical molecular formulas, but different arrangements of atoms. Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of singlebonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. In fact, in higher alkanes the number of isomers increases with increase in number of carbon atoms. Iupac defines alkanes as acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the. Hydrocarbons organic structures that contain only carbon and. Geometrical isomerism occurs in alkenes only but not in. Chemical formula number of isomers c6h14 5 c7h16 9 c10h22 75 c15h32 4347 c40h82 62,500,000,000,000 clearly a more systematic way of naming molecule is necessary and organic chemists have developed such a system, called iupac nomenclature international union of pure and applied chemistry. However, ignoring financial considerations, alkanes can be prepared from the following compounds. Substituted alkanes while alkanes have very few reactions that. A common ane suffix identifies these compounds as alkanes.
For making models of alkanes, you can use toothpicks for bonds and plasticine balls for atoms. The alkanes are named according to the number of carbon atoms in the chain. Pristane is found in shark liver oil and also in sperm whale, lobster, zooplankton, etc. Structural isomers just how many structures can you make from a simple formula. Structural isomers just how many structures can you make. Kerosine, boiling point 180 to 230, contains hydrocarbons from c, to c.
Cyclic alkanes not all alkanes are straightchain alkanes in which the carbon atoms form long chains a cyclic alkane, or cycloalkane, is a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms form a closed loop instead of a chain the general formula for a cyclic alkane is c n h 2n when naming cyclic alkanes, simply add the prefix cyclo. Isomerism in alkanes structural isomers 17 however, from butane onwards, there is possibility for different connectivity of atoms for the same molecular formula leading to isomerism. Alkanes that have carbons that are bonded to more than 2 carbons these are skeletal isomers example butane. Pentane is a saturated hydrocarbon with the molecular formula c 5 h 12 how many different structural formula can you draw for molecules with the molecular formula c 5 h 12 first, we could draw the structural formula of pentane which has 5 carbon atoms in a straight chain pent 5 and only single bonds between all the carbon atoms in. Density the average density of the liquid alkanes listed in table 11.
General methods of preparation of alkanes wurtz reaction. Alkanes alkenes alkynes cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes 12. Structural isomers the atoms in each molecule are connected in a different order. Notice, there is a steady difference of number of carbon and hydrogen atoms from lower alkanes to higher alkanes, the constant difference between successive members being ch 2. Techniques for counting the structural isomers of alkanes and jun 18, 2015. The number of isomers possible with an ncarbon alkane can be calculated by a recursive combinatorial function. Draw the structures of branched and unbranched alkanes, c1 to c4 and name the unbranched alkanes c1 to c4. For alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons, spring models can be constructed. Since alkanes are the major components of petroleum and. Preparation of alkanes from carboxylic acids, alkyl halides. Unsaturated hydrocarbons alkenes and alkynes react with h 2 in the presence of finely divided catalysts such as platinum, palladium or nickel to form alkanes. This section deals with wurtz reaction,frankland reaction. Several kinds of alkanes were found to react with phenyl.
In chapter 7, we noted that alkanes saturated hydrocarbons have relatively few important chemical properties other than that they undergo combustion and react with halogens. The higher alkanes can have more than one structure. Alkane names are based on the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain in the compound. Butane contains four carbon atoms and is a saturated hydrocarbon. Notice that isobutane has the same molecular formula, c 4 h 1 0, as nbutane but has a different structural formula. Alkanes alkanes are aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons no cc double bonds, c and h atoms only. Janice gorzynski smith university of hawaii chapter 4 alkanes. The letters e and z are not used in cyclic alkanes. Geometrical isomerism exist only when there is a chance that two structural configurational orientations are possible which are distinguishable, due to restricted or impossible rotation about the bonds concerned, that is in alkene. Simple substances which show optical isomerism exist as two isomers known as enantiomers. The properties of organic molecules depend on the structure, and knowing the names of organic compounds allow us to communicate with other chemists. Thus, cyclic alkanes show cis and trans geometrical isomers. Two or more compounds that have the same molecular arrangement but differ in the optical activity are optical isomers.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons hydrocarbons with double or triple bondson the other hand, are quite reactive. Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes. An introduction alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons having onl. The alkanes have similar chemistry to one another because they are a homologous series. The enormous number of isomers of alkanes and alkyl. The process of using hydrogen gas to ensure all the products are alkanes is called hydrocracking.
In an alkane, all 4 4 4 valencies of the carbon atom are satisfied with other hydrogen atoms. The branched alkanes make better gasoline than their con tinuouschain isomers because they give less knock in highcompression gasoline engines. Alkanes ppt free download as powerpoint presentation. The general formula for alkene containing one double bond is c n h 2n. After completing this section, you should be able to. It was assumed that the more complex the structure is the less. The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane. Methane gas is the first member of the homologous series of alkanes. An alkyl cluster, usually symbolized with r, is a functional cluster, which is like alkane, made of the bond of the single carbon and hydrogen atom. Applying the four nomenclature rules to the following compound. Hydrocarbons are further divided into several structural types called, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and. For example, there are 75 possible isomers for an alkane having 10 carbon atoms, but 366,319 possible isomers for one having 20 carbons. Alkanes are also soluble in other nonpolar organic compounds, such as toluene and diethyl ether.
Alkanes are saturated all single bonds hydrocarbons hydrogen and carbon only. Learn the iupac system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. We learned in the chapter on solutions that like dissolves like. Isomerisation of alkanes 1 methane, ethane and propane have only one structure since there is only one way in which 1,2 and 3 carbon atoms can be connected. The pdf has the number of isomers for the first 30 nalkanes. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carboncarbon bonds are single.
Isomerism in branched alkanes in n alkanes, no carbon is bonded to more than two other carbons, giving rise to a linear chain. Shorter chain alkanes are obtained commercially by the catalytic cracking of larger chain alkanes such as crude oil or petroleum refining. As the carbon chain gets longer, there are more electrons in a molecule. In these names, n implies a normal straight chain system. Dealing with organic compounds in chemistry can feel overwhelming. The following table lists the iupac names assigned to simple continuouschain alkanes from c1 to c10. Well be learning about different aspects of molecular structure, including common functional groups and conformations. Alkane is solid, liquid or gas at room temperature depends on the size of its molecules.
Sep 12, 2017 every carbon atom has 4 bonds whether the ch bond or the cc bond and each hydrogen atom must be tied with the carbon atom hc bond. The next alkanes are c 2 h 6 n 2, c 3 h 8 n 3, and so on so forth. This organic chemistry video tutorial explains how to draw the constitutional isomers of alkanes such as butane c4h10, pentane c5h12, hexane. Ants and cockroaches have nundecane which is a pheromone in their bodies 11.
Alkanes show both structural isomerism and conformational isomerism. Isomers and aromatic hydrocarbons another hydrocarbon you may be familiar with is butane, which is used in lighter fluid. In addition to carbon dioxide, water and heat a variety of products are possible. Notice that the parent name comes from the longest continuous carbon chain, which begins with the carbon of the ch 3 group at the bottom of the structural formula a and goes to the carbon of the ch 3 group on the top right side of the formula b. We often refer to alkanes as aliphatic hydrocarbons, because the physi cal properties of the higher members of this class resemble those of the long carbonchain. This website and its content is subject to our terms and conditions. When a carbon is bonded to more than two other carbons, a branch is formed.
Nomenclature of organic chemistry 1979 and clarified in a guide to iupac nomenclature of organic compounds recommendations 1993. Longer chain alkanes are well known, and their names may be found in many reference and text books. Cistrans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism or configurational isomerism, is a term used in organic chemistry. Structural isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different connectivity. We will present the rules necessary to name alkanes in this. Alkanes are rarely prepared from other types of compounds because of economic reasons. Plastic products, gasoline, natural gas alkanes are necessary for us to have these. C2h6 once the two carbons are connected, there are only six additional bonding sites and these are filled by the six hydrogen atoms.
It is postulated that when ants sting, the alkanes help the formic acid spread through the victims contact point 12. Alkanes, cycloalkanes, and functional groups khan academy. Number of carbons name structure 5 pentane ch 3 ch 2 3 ch 3 6 hexane ch 3 ch 2 4 ch 3 7 heptane ch 3 ch 2 5 ch 3 8 octane ch 3 ch 2 6 ch 3 9 nonane ch 3 ch 2 7 ch 3 10 decane ch 3 ch 2 8 ch 3. Branched alkanes containing three or more carbon atoms in their longest chain have isomers with unique names iii. Preparation of alkanes alkanes are referred to as the saturated hydrocarbons, that is, hydrocarbons having all carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms with sigma bonds only. This will be followed by a brief survey of the occurrence and uses of hydrocarbons, with special reference to the petroleum industry. Molar mass boiling point density isomers of csh12 compound pentane 2methylbutane 2,2dimethylpropane 4. In general, alkanes are chemically unreactive, although reactions do occur under forcing conditions. A straightchain alkane has all its carbons connected in a row we call it backbone. Describe a homologous series and its general characteristics. By increasing the number of carbons in an alkane by a ch 2 group, one obtains a homologous series of alkanes, as shown in table.
This holds true for the two compound groups, alkanes and alkenes. The names of alkanes containing up to twelve carbon atoms per chain are as follows. The general formula means that the number of hydrogen atoms. A small difference in the molecule changes the name and can drastically change the reactivity of the compound. A systematic method for the naming of many organic compounds is contained in the iupac publication. A series of compounds in which successive members differ from one another by a ch 2 unit is called a homologous series. Often the amount of information in organic chemistry feels overwhelming, how to learn all of. The straight chain alkanes share the same general formula. The following is a list of straightchain and branched alkanes and their common names, sorted by number of carbon atoms. Melting and boiling point alkanes have low melting or boiling points because of the very weak intermolecular forces between alkane molecules.
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